Helping+Students+Becom+Citizens+in+a+Democratic+Society+In+an+Evermore+Interdependent+World

2. " Be y ond B as i cs, Civ i cs Elud es U.S. S tud e nt s," D av id J. Hoff , // E //// du //// c //// at //// i //// on //// W //// ee //// k //// , // 11 / 2 4/ 99. " El ect i o n 2 000: Y o un g Ame r ic a ns Turn e d Of f by P o li tics, Poll s S h ow, " L o ri Le ss n e r , Knight-R i dd e r T r ibun e, print e d in // F //// o //// u //// r //// t //// h //// E //// s //// tat //// e, // 3 1 ( 16 ) ,1 / 27 / 00 , Un iv e rs i ty o f Wisco n s in- Gree n B ay. Ma y 9, 2 000- So m e of th e nation 's m os t prom i n e nt or g a ni za tion s an d l e ad­ e r s to d ay ack n ow l e d ge t h at th e ch a ll enge i s to o big for anyo n e gro up. . . . Th e N a tio n a l A l l iance for Civic E du c at io n ( NAC E ) was l a un c h ed wit h mor e than 8 0 group s. . . c o mm i tt e d t o ad va n ci n g c i v i c kno w l e d ge a nd e n­ gage m en t. Forma t io n of the coa li tio n w a s sp u r r ed b y th e d ist u rb in g rise i n c i v i c ind if f e r e n ce, mi str u st, a n d di se n gage m e n t a mo ng yo u ng ad ul ts (re­ trie ve d from [|w] [|w] [|w] [|.] [|c] [|i] [|ve] [|d] [|.] [|n] [|etl] [|ab] [|o] [|u] [|t] [|_pr] [|e] [|l.html] [|.] O c to be r 26 , 2 00 3). F e b r u a r y 1 3, 20 0 3 -THE C I V I C M I SS IO N O F SC H O OL S , a r e p o r t iss u e d b y th e Ca rn e gi e Corpo ra ti o n o f New Y ork a nd CIR C LE: Th e C e nt er f o r I n f or m at i o n a n d R esearch o n C i vic L ea rn i n g a nd Engage m ent, p rovi d es a fra m ewo rk fo r creati n g more effec t ive c i vic e du cat i on in ou r sc h o ol s a n d r e pr es en ts, fo r the f ir st tim e , co n se n s u s ab ou t thi s i ss u e a m o n g th e n at i on 's l ea din g sc h o l ar s a nd p ra c tit i one r s. F e b r u a r y 1 6, 2003-Bu t s ch ool s d o r e main t h e l ast, be s t hop e t o tr a in tho se o f th e n ext generat i on i n c iv i c s s kill s , to i mbu e t h e m w i th ci vi c s k n ow l e d ge a n d to awake n them to t h e im p or ta n ce a n d sat i sfact i o n of taki n g a n ac t i ve , informed rol e in c i vic l i f e ( J a ne Ei s ne r , Th e Phil a d e l p hia In q uir e r , re tri eved from www . p h ill y.c o m/m ld inq u ire r /5 190 39 6 . h tm ). The C ivic Mis s ion o f the S ch o ol s i d en tifi e s s ix promi s ing a ppro ac h es to ci v ic e duc at ion from a rev i ew of t h e resea rch: ( 1 ) P ro v id e in str u c ti on in
 * Helping Students Become Citizens in a Democratic Society **
 * in an Ever More Interdependent World **
 * 1) H ow do the se h e adlin es a nd excer p ts f ro m n ews p a p er a r t i c l es m a k e y ou f ee l ?

3. gov e rnment, hi s tor y, law , and d e mocrac y; ( 2 ) incorporate di s cu ss ion of cur­rent local , national , and international issu es and e v e nt s into th e class­room; (3) design and implement programs t hat provide students with the opportunity to apply what they learn through performing community service that is linked to the formal curriculum and c lassroom instruction ; ( 4 ) offer extracurricular activiti e s that provide opportuniti es for young people to get in v olved in their s chool and c ommuniti e s ; ( 5 ) encourage s tu­dent participation in school governance; ( 6 ) encour a ge stud e nts ' participa­tion in simulations of d e mocratic process es and proc e dures. Since the end ofthe Cold War, many U.S. social studies educators ha v e be e n a s ked by leaders and educator s in nation s who have not had democratic traditions for man y y ear s to help them plan ne w civic curricula and train teacher s to teach for democrac y. These requests and domestic problem s have s timulated dialog con­cerning the practice s of civics education in the United St a te s. As a re s ult of his ex­periences, John Patrick (2003) has concluded that the twenty-first century civic mission of schools requires that at all l e vels of pr e adult e ducation and in teacher education students should le a rn a minimal univ e rsal definition of democracy so that the y will be able to compare and e v aluate nations and r e gime s throughout the world ac. c i > rding to a common ba s ic und e r s tanding of democracy and democratic behaviors. Being born in the United States or having an American parent makes a child a U.S. citizen. Citizenship, however, must be l e arned and practiced as the child grows and comes into contact with peopl e and groups both in and out of the home. Patriotism, or love of countr y, is an attitud e establi s hed early in life. Childr e n and adol e scents tend to be positi v e about n a tional sy mbols, to like and trust th e ir po­litical leader s, and to be highly supporti ve of their political sy stem s. Re s earcher s have found such positive attitudes ev e n when students have little understanding of their country or its government (Torney-Purta, 1990 ). But are love of country and positive attitudes toward symbols and leaders enough in a democracy? The school, especially a public school, is an important societal institution that greatly affects young p e ople. It teaches, through formal and informal process es, at­titudes and behavior s toward soci e ty. Thi s chapt e r examin es political knowled g e, values, and law in li g ht of concepts students need to learn to becom e responsible, participating citizens. It examines the wa y s in which children learn to becom e ac­tive citizens and the roles schools and teachers play in this process. As you read and reflect on the chapter, keep in mind that (1) the United States is more ethni­cally diverse than ever before, ( 2) citizens of a democrac y must share common
 * 1) In which of these six promising approaches to improving civic education did you take part as a K-12 student?
 * 2) Which ofthese do you think you would particularly like to do with the students you anticipate t e aching ?

6. valu es, and ( 3 ) governmental action s mu s t re flect tho s e v alue s w hile p r otectin g th e rights of minorities. mentar y and middl e s chool s tudents. : -  B e c a u s e citiz e n s hip i s a g i v en to thos e bo r n in a n a tion, ho w t h e population l e ar n s appropriate b e h av ior s n ec e ss a ry t o be a m e mber of t hi s group , called // c //// it //// ize //// ns //// , // i s d e ­ te r min e d b y that group. School s a r e on e of the s ocie t al in s titution s t h a t ha ve a n acti ve role in h e lpin g c hildr e n a nd y outh s l e arn t o li ve and w ork in th e ir nati o n. In the Unit e d Stat es, th e centr a lit y of citiz e nship e ducation in the s ocial studi es curriculum ha s e njoyed widespr ea d acceptance. Political sci e ntists, with their e m ­ ph asis on ra ti onal thou g ht and d e cision making, oft e n criticiz e what is taugh t i n th e s chools a s b e ing a n a iv e , un re ali s tic , and rom a nticiz e d image of political l i f e. Th ey s a y that t h e id ea l s of d emo c r ac y are confu se d with th e realiti es of poli t i cs ( J e nn es, 1990 ). Th e e l e m e n t q.r y cu rriculum i s s in g l e d out for critici s m becau se i ­ tend s t o fail to r e cogniz e t he pr ese nce of conflict a nd failur e w ithin a democr a c y. Ideal s for the a ppropri ate focu s s pan a c o n t inuum from str ess ing p a triotism a n d
 * 1) E x plain th e impo rta nce of kno w ledg e, v alue s, a nd parti c ipation to citizen­ s hip.
 * 2) Ex plain th e importance of th e indi vi du a l to a d e mocrac y.
 * 3) E x plain th e rol e o f t h e hidd e n c urriculum in fo r ming s tud e nts ' id e a s about p ower, authority, and governing.
 * 4) Identify political sci e nce conc e pts and values that are ess e ntial to under­ s t a nding d e mocrati c g overnm e nt.
 * 5) Id e ntify l ess on char a cteri s ti cs that a r e h e lpful in accommodating l e a r ning in a multicul t ural d em ocrac y.
 * 6) St a t e a r a tionale fo r c ommuni ty par t i c ip a tion o r s ervic e learnin g.
 * 7) Gi ve examples of s tud e n t p a rticipation a c ti v iti es t hat ar e a ppropriate for e l e -
 * 1) Explain h o w democr a cy can b e mod e l e d and p ra ctic e d in the school and c la s sroom.
 * 2) A ss es s r e comm e n dat ion s o n wa ys in w h i ch e l e m e ntar y and middle s chool s tudent s c a n s tud y l aw.
 * 3) E x plain t h e medi a's role in e du c atin g citizens.
 * 4) Id e ntif y way s to h e lp c hildr e n mak e w i s e us e o fthe m e di a in school and th e ir lives.
 * 5) Reflect on the ethic s teach e r s need to practic e and mod e l that support the l e arning of democr a tic id e al s a nd pr a ctice s in th e school, community , nation , a nd wo r ld.
 * Development: Defining Citizenship in a Democratic Society **

loyalty through examining and solving social problems to centering on social and governmental criticism. During the 1970s, social studies educators involved with Project SPAN defined the role of the citizen as focusing on relationships between individuals and politi­cal entities and organized efforts to influence public policy (Superka & Hawke, 1982). Because such relationships are found at neighborhood, community, state, national, and international levels of government, citizenship activities fit into all levels (K-12) ofthe expanding horizons curriculum model that dominated the field for many years. Social studies is the subject that is primarily responsible for teach­ing the knowledge, skills, and values needed to understand and participate effec­tively in the political system and to deal responsibly with public issues. Rapid changes in the 1980s and 1990s increased not only the amount of know l­edge in the world, but the speed with which individuals encounter this knowledge and the need to process information critically and react appropriately. During this same time period, the old political balances and forces of the world changed greatly. As a result more nations tried, and are continuing to try, to implement democratic forms of government while at the same time becoming increasingly ethnically diverse and economically interdependent. New problems for people emerged or became more difficult to solve as the number and complexity of their variables increased. Unfortunately, given our time and resources, the ability of many adults and children to understand and intellectually grow as rapidly as the social world changes is limited. During this same time, the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) de­veloped standards for social studies programs that identified power, authority, and governance and civic ideals and practices as separate, equally important strands of the social studies K-12 curriculum. Also included were science, technology, and society and. global connections, two often-neglected themes in past curricula. In the - " 1990s, the International Association for the Evaluation of Education Achievement (lEA) began preparations for its second study of civic education. This study would assess not only knowledge about government and power, but also stu­dent attitudes and beliefs about government and the future in the United States and 23 other nations. Preparing instruments for such a large undertaking required careful planning and the establishment of common goals. Judith Torney-Purta, a distinguished educator and researcher on political socialization, who is currently chair of the International Steering Committee for the lEA Civic Education Study, summarized five views of citizenship education (May, 2000):
 * 1) Knowledge of facts about government and constitutions, as "real citizenship"
 * 2) Willingness to vote (and to look for information about candidates, their posi­tions on issues, etc.)
 * 3) A basic level of trust in institutions, sense of political efficacy, an ability to . be thoughtfully critical about government policies, and other political attitudes (sometimes related to participation)
 * 4) Respect for political opinions different from one's own and respect for the rights of ethnic, racial, or language groups
 * 5) P a rticip at i o n in serv ic e l ear n ing or c om munit y p ro j e c ts ( o r poli t i ca ll y r el ev an t

y outh o rga nizati o n s)  Dr. Torney-Purta point s out th a t her r esea rch and that of oth e rs cl ea rly ind i c a t e th a t d i fferent p e ople a nd differ e nt nations e mpha s iz e one o r more of t he five d ef i ­ niti o n s .    Th e model of civic educ a tion th e lEA co m mittee u se d to guid e their pl a nning a nd re se arch for d e v e lopm e nt of a ss e ss ment in st rum e nt s is gi ve n in Figu re 10.1. I t is compl ex and i llu s trat es th e m a ny cont ri bu t in g fa ct o rs or f orces in a pe r s o n's p o li t­ i ca l s ocializ a t i on ( To rney -Pur ta, S ch w ill e, & Am a d e o , 1999 ) . It s c om pl e xi ty s u g ­g ests t h a t e ve n a ca ref ull y pl a nn e d ci v ic cu r riculu m w ith ex pli c it obj ectiv e s mig ht no t b e e qu a ll y s ucc essf ul for eac h child or g roup o f c hildr e n t o w hom it is tau g h t. Th e model appli e s to childr e n in mor e th a n 20 n a ti o n s. In the center of the mod e l i s the individual child s OT rounded by socializin g a g ent s with v ar ious d egre es of co ntact w ith the ind iv id u al. In the Unit e d Sta tes, w her e va riou s form s o f m e dia , i n c ludin g te l ev i si on , r a dio , mov i es, an d t h e Int e rn et , g r ea tl y a ff e ct th e li ves of childr e n , perh a p s m e d ia s hould b e inc lud e d in the ci rc l e s urr o unding t h e indi v idu a l l a b e l e d // ca //// r //// riers //// of //// goals //// int //// o actio //// n //// s. // T he out e r r i ng repr ese nt s t he mor e di s t a nt c ommunit y o f nation a l a nd in te rn a tion a l i nsti t uti o n s who se law s, polic i es, a nd theori es impact n a tion s a nd comm u niti e s ( T or ne y -Purt a , Schwille, & Am a deo, 1999 ). P o li t ical s c ie nce i s th e di sc iplin e tha t st udie s gover nm e nt s. Politi ca l s cienti st s focu s t h e ir s tudi es on th ree ve r y di f f e r e n t ty p es of qu es tion s co nc e rn ing g o v er ni n g : Who h as t h e ri g h t a nd po wer t o g o ver n ? Ho w do gover nm e nt s org a niz e t h e m se l ves t o ma ke a nd e n fo rc e pol it ical d ec i ­s ion s? How do groups of p e ople i n f lu e nce th e political p r oces s ? Th e f ir s t qu est io n examin es hi s to r ic a l and philo s ophical id eas; the se c o nd que st i on d e a ls mor e w ith the fo rma tion o f g o v ern me nt a l a nd publi c p o l i ci es. Th e t h i rd q u es ­tion a ddre sses politic s as i t i s form a ll y and i n fo r m a ll y p r a ct ic e d. A ll ci tize n s ha ve t h e n ee d for, a nd t h e ri g h t t o, s er vices fr om th ei r go v er n- m en t s. Citiz e n s in a d e mo c r a c y have sp e ci a l po we r s a nd oblig a tion s :
 * Bestowin g both th e power a nd right to rule on a governm e nt of the i r choic e
 * Se lectin g tho s e w h o p e rform d a y-t o -d ay gov er n a nce
 * D e batin g a nd co mpro mi s i ng t o in s t r u c t t he gover nm e n t o n t he n ee d s of th e p e opl e and t h e t y pe s of poli cies d esire d
 * M o nitorin g t he act i o n s of gover nm e nt s an d k ee pin g i n f o rm e d o n i ss u es re ­l ate d t o th e c oll ect i ve g ood
 * Balancin g t h e ir o w n se lf-inter es t with t h e collective good

7. S c h oo l : T e ac her s, I nt e n de d //f.1 // C ur ri c u lum , P a rti c i pa ti o n #' **//"V//** // C //// ase //// S //// tud //// i //// e //// s //// from th //// e //// lEA Civi //// c //// Educat //// i //// on Proj //// ec //// t. //( 1999 ) Edit e d b y Judith Torn ey- P <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">u <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">r <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">ta <span style="color: #b3bbab; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">, <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">John Schwi <span style="color: #486e29; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">l <span style="color: #4a573d; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">l <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">e <span style="color: #96a088; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">, <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">a <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">nd <span style="color: #486e29; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">J <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">oAnn <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">A <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">mad <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">e <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">o. Ams <span style="color: #486e29; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">t <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">erdam <span style="color: #96a088; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">, <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">N <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">e <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">th <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">e <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">rl <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">a <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">nd <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">s <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">: <span style="color: #486e29; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">l <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">E <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">A. <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">U <span style="color: #96a088; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">s <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">e <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">d b <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">y <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">permi <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">ss <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">i <span style="color: #7d8b6c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">o <span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">n <span style="color: #96a088; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">. Politic a l s cienti s t s b e l iev e th a t th e c apacity t o p a rticipa te e ff e c tively in th e pol­itics of a free soc ie t y r e quires kn ow ledge of th e political sys t e m and a r e a l un­der s t a ndin g of wh a t o n e is t r yi ng t o a ccompli s h. C itizens mu s t h a ve the following qual it i es :
 * // 'PJPJ; //** Opp or tuniti e s **// A'O //**
 * //<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">S OF //****<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">GOALS **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">H'~10
 * <span style="color: #5b8633; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">FIGURE 10 ****<span style="color: #647951; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">. ****<span style="color: #5b8633; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">1 **
 * <span style="color: #486e29; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">Model fo ****<span style="color: #5b8633; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">r l ****<span style="color: #486e29; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">E ****<span style="color: #5b8633; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">A ** Ci v i c **<span style="color: #5b8633; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">Edu ****<span style="color: #486e29; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">c ****<span style="color: #5b8633; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">at ****<span style="color: #486e29; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">i ****<span style="color: #5b8633; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">on **// Source: C //// i //// v //// ic Education //// Ac //// ro //// s //// s //// Countrie //// s: //// T //// we //// nt //// y //// -four //// N //// ational //
 * <span style="color: #486e29; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">Model fo ****<span style="color: #5b8633; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">r l ****<span style="color: #486e29; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">E ****<span style="color: #5b8633; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">A ** Ci v i c **<span style="color: #5b8633; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">Edu ****<span style="color: #486e29; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">c ****<span style="color: #5b8633; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">at ****<span style="color: #486e29; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">i ****<span style="color: #5b8633; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">on **// Source: C //// i //// v //// ic Education //// Ac //// ro //// s //// s //// Countrie //// s: //// T //// we //// nt //// y //// -four //// N //// ational //
 * 1) A n i nteres t in p ubli c a ffai r s a nd a se n se o f " p ublic re gar d e dn e s s "
 * 2) T o l e r a nc e a n d r es p ec t for con flic t s ari s in g fro m di ve r ge n t va lu es and beli efs
 * 3) T he a bili t y to exa min e co n s eq u e n c e s an d to a s ses s t he lik e lihood of a l te rn a ­ t i v e s a ch ieving d es ire d g o a l s
 * 4) Th e a bilit y to a sse ss bo t h l on g - a nd sh or t-t e r m co n se qu e n ces ( Brod y, 19 8 9 )

In s umm ar i z in g th e fir st ph ase o f t h e l EA asse s s m e n t in c i v ic s, t h e e d itor 5 0 : - - ' · re p o rt id e ntifi e d a n umb e r o f agr ee m e n t s in go al s an d so m e acco mpli s h me n t: o. e ludin g th a t t h e r e is a un iver s a l or n e a r - uni versa l c o mmi t m e n t to cer t a in g o a l s o r th em e s. C i v i c s e duc a tio n s hould b e cros s -d is c i plin ary, p a rt i cip a ti ve , int e ract ive , r e ­la te d to life , co ndu c t e d in a no na uth o ri ta ri a n env i ron m e n t , cog ni za n t o fth e c h a ll e n ge s o f soc i eta l di vers i t y, a nd c o con s tructe d w i t h p are nt s a nd t h e com ­ // mu //// n //// i //// t //// y ( //// and //// n //// on //// g //// ove //// r //// nme //// nt //// a //// l // or gan i z a t i o n s ) as w e ll a s t h e s ch o ol. D esp it e e xte ns i ve ef fort s, h owever, t h ere h as n ot b ee n uni v e r s al s u c c ess i n an y cou n tr y i n formul at in g pr ogra m s tha t o ptim iz e th e p o s s ibil i t y o f a ch i ev in g t he s e go al s for all s t ud en t s. ( T orney -Pur ta, S c h wi ll e, <span style="color: #070707; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">& Am a d eo , 1999 , p . 3 0 ) In e l a bo r atin g on th e m e anin g of po wer, a u th o rit y, a nd g o v ernan c e and civi c i d ~ a nd pr a ctic e s, N C S S ( 1994b ) id e ntifi e s und e r s tandin g the hi s to r ic a l de ve l op m __ e= __ o f th e s t r u ct ur es o f po we r , authorit y, an d g ov e rn a nc e ar r d t h e ir evo l v in g f u n c ti o : :. . 5 in cont e mpora ry s oci e t y as e sse ntial for c i v i c compet e n ce alon g wi th exa min in g <span style="color: #9a9088; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.66667px;">; <span style="color: #b2a8a1; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.66667px;">. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.66667px;">.. <span style="color: #857b72; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.66667px;">= d y n a mic s be t we en ind iv idu a l ri g ht s and r es p o n s ibiliti e s. Th e s tud y a nd pr ac t i ce ci v ic id ea l s w ith th e g oal of full p a rti c ip a tion in s o c i e t y thr o ugh mult i ple int e r a t : ­ t ion s with indiv i du a l s, g rou ps, in s t i tution s, a nd orga ni za tio ns i s th e m ea n s to at ­ // t //// ainin //// g //// a // d e m o c r a t ic gov ernm e n t. // C //// oats 2 //// 000 //// : //// E //// duc //// at //// e //// A //// m //// e //// r //// ica //// A //// c //// t o //// f // 19 9 4 ca lled for e v er y U. S. adult to p os se ~ th e kno w l e d g e a nd s kill s n e c ess ar y to e xe rci se th e r i g ht s a nd r es pon s ibiliti e s of citiz e n s hip. The C e nte r f o r C i v ic Edu cat ion dire c t e d the d eve lopm e n t of th e // N //// ati //// on //// al S //// t //// an //// da //// rd //// s //// for C //// ivics a //// n //// d //// G //// ove //// r //// nmen //// t // ( 1994 ). Th ese K-12 sta nd a r d s focu s on // an //// sw //// erin //// g // fi v e // qu //// est //// i //// o //// n //// s //// : //
 * 1) What i s g o v e r nm e n t a nd w h a t s h o uld i t do ?
 * 2) Wh at a re th e ba s i c v a lu es a nd prin c ipl es of U.S . democ ra c y ?
 * 3) H ow d nes th e g o ver nm e nt es tabli s h e d b y th e C on s titu t ion embod y th e pu r ­po ses, v a lu e s , a nd principl es o f U. S. d e mo c rac y?
 * 4) Wh a t is t he r e lati o n s hip o f t h e Unit e d Sta t es t o o th e r n at ion s a nd t o wor ld a f ­f ai rs?
 * 5) W h a t ar e th e r o l es o f t h e c i ti ze n s in U.S. d e mo cr a cy ?
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Time for Reflection // Whe;:;lr '[)o You (hi",,!:: . ? //**
 * - **** -_._- **** -- **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** -- **** - **** - **** -- **** - **** - **** --. **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** -- **** - **** - **** . **** -- **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** -- **** - **** - **** -- **** - **** - **** - **** -- **** -- **** -- **** - **** - **** -- **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** _._ **** . **** _ **** - **** -- **** - **** -- **** - **** - **** --- **** - **** - **** - **** -- **** - **** -- **** - **** --- **** - **** -- **** - **** - **** --- **** - **** - **** -- **** - **** -- **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** - **** --- **** -- **** - **** - **** - **** - **** -- **** - **** --- **** - **** - **** - **** --_ **** . **** _ **** - **
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Th ese stan d ar d s f oc u s o n bot h t h e co n te n t and stude n ts' act ion s t h at d e m o n s t rat e th a t the y under s t a nd and v a lu e th e c o n te nt. Th e s kill s are e mb ed d e d in th e s tan­d ar ds through th e u se of v er b s s uch as // id //// e //// ntif //// y ////, //// des //// crib //// e, ex //// plain //// , ev //// aluat //// e a //// posi­ti //// on, //// tak //// e a po //// s //// i //// tio //// n, // a nd //d// // e //// f //// end a //// po //// s //// i //// tion. // Th e d eve lopm e nt o f par t icipator y s kills f o r demo cracy i s p rese nt in re c o mm e nd e d c ommu n i ty a n d c l a s s ro om a cti v iti es. Th e goa l s of th ese acti v iti es a r e dev o te d both to m onit orin g p o l it ic s a nd g o ver nm e nt a nd influ e n ci n g pol i t ics and gove rn ment. Th e s t an dar ds p rov id e s p e cific s for tw o of t h e NCSS t hem es : V I ( Po w e r, A utho r it y, a n d G o ve rn a n ce) and X ( C i v ic Id e als an d Practi ce). As wi th other s t a tem e n ts of stand ar d s, m a n y s ta te a nd local s chool sys t e ms u se d the //Nati// // o //// nal Standard //// s //// f //// o //// r Civi //// cs a //// nd Gov //// e //// rn //// m //// ent // a nd incorp o r a t e d i t s id e a s i n to th e ir o w n sta nd a rd s. So a l so did th e Na tional Asse s s m e nt o f Educ a ti o n a l P ro g r ess a nd p rivate te st i ng o rga n izat ion s deve lopin g tests for sta t es an d sc h oo l syst em s. I n s ome states, cou rses focu sing onl y on c i v ic s h ave b ee n d esig n e d for e i g hth g r a de. H owever, gover nm ent a nd c ivi c s ha ve a l so b een assi gn ed by t h e cu r riculum t o all s oci a l s tudi es c l asses. E mph as i s in c i v i cs a nd g o ve rn me n t h as bee n pl a c e d on pr e p ar in g t h e in di v i d u a l to d ea l with th e str u c t ure o f U. S. g o ver nm e n t an d it s age ncie s and to b e a f uture v o te r. Th e f ocu s t e nd s t o be on t h e m ec h a nic s of g ov­ e rnment r a th e r than on conc e pt s and va lues und e rly i ng th e procedur e s of g o ve rn­in g a nd m a king and en forcin g l aws. Th e tas k of id entify in g conce pt s t o t ea ch y ou ng s tud ents h as b ee n left l a r ge l y to tex tbo o k a utho rs. In <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.6667px;">K- <span style="color: #121111; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.6667px;">4 text book s, publi s h ers ha ve in c lud e d po l it ical sc i e nce c onc e pt s ; - b u t t o a mu c h l esse r deg r ee tha n ge o grap hic a n d e c o n omic co nc e p ts. Th e m ost fr ;j u e ntl y ap pea rin g c o nce pt s in c lud e // l //// aw, pres //// id //// ent ////, //// gove //// r //// nmen //// t //// , c //// iti //// zen, na //// ­ //// tion, //// rul //// es, //// t //// axe //// s //// , // a nd // C //// on //// gress // ( Ha as, 1 9 9 1 ). Ta bl e 10. 1 s u g ge sts c oncept s that h a ve be e n derived fro m th e p r of e ssion a l l i teratu re and t h ro ugh joint delib e r a tion a mon g civ ic e ducator s world w id e. D es pit e th e fac t tha t p o li t ical sc i e nce con ce pts are o ften hi g hl y ab stra ct, seve r a l of t h e orga n izi n g c o n cepts li ste d i n Tabl e 1 0. 1 ha v e exa m p l es t h at are pr esent i n a n y si t u a t io n w h e r e a n u mb er o f pe opl e in ter ­ac t, includ ing a t h ome a nd in t h e cl assroo m. S cho o l i s o f t en th e f ir s t exper i e n ce i n w hi c h c h i ldren in te r ac t wit h a v ari e t y o f p eo ple who judge t h em on th e ir a c tion s. S choolin g r equi res s tud e nt s to beh ave in n e w and d if f e rent s oc i al situ a t i ons. L ess ons o n political concep ts s uch a s rules, l ea d e r s hip, v i ew point s, confli ct res olutio n, and c o mpromi se , and th e r elation s hips a m o n g th ose con cepts h e lp st u de nt s u n d e rstand h ow to act i n t heir sc h oo l soc i a l s itu a t i on i n w hich t h ey ar e one a mon g e qu a l s. T h es e l esso n s a l so p ro v id e r a t io­n a l es for d esi r e d c l assr oom be h av ior s for t he c o ll ect i ve g ood o f s tud e n ts and l ea rn­in g oppo r t u ni t i es. // S //// ocia //// hm //// t //// i //// on // i s t h e n a m e g iven to proc esses w h e r e b y youn g people l ea rn pro pe r beh av iors. El eme nt a ry a nd middl e schoo l te a cher s devot e much tim e to so­c ia li z ing s tud e nt s. W h e n e l e m en ta ry s tudent s at t e nd scho ol th ey a r e li ke l y to
 * <span style="color: #105c00; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 17.3333px;">Key ** !~ ncepts . **<span style="color: #105c00; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 17.3333px;">and Values **

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Essential Concepts and Values in U <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">S. Democracy
 * <span style="color: #001000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">TABLE 10.1 **
 * **** -- **** - **** - **** -- **** - **** .-- **** - ****<span style="color: #252422; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.66667px;">. ****<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.66667px;">. ****<span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8.66667px;">. **

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font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">on <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #4e4640; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #252422; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">u <span style="color: #252422; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">C <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">on <span style="color: #252422; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">tituti <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n d <span style="color: #252422; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #252422; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ion m <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">king dem <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">oc <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #252422; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">diver <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">it <span style="color: #252422; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">due pro <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">cess <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">equality <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">freedom go <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">v <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ernm <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">nt h <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ne <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #252422; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">hum <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">an d <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">g <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ni <span style="color: #0f0f0e; 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font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #252422; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">lt <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">m <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">j <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">min <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #252422; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">tion op <span style="color: #252422; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n-mind <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">dne <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ss <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ord <span style="color: #252422; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">pluralism <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">power priv <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">cy <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">repre <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">se <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ntative democra <span style="color: #0f0f0e; 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font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ia <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">l <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">re <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">pon <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ibilit <span style="color: #252422; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">tol <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">nce <span style="color: #0f0f0e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">v <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">iewpoint <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">citizensh i p

learn to function in a l a r g er, more d iv er s e , a nd plurali s tic g roup than the y h a c pre v iou s l y e ncountered. M iddl e s choo l s bring to g ether student s f r om severa l e_ E -­m e ntar y s chool s a nd oft e n create en v ironm e nt s with a greater and more di ve r : ; =. plur a li s m than do elem e ntar y s chool s. Middle s chool student s are engaged in ar :­ oth e r de ve lopm e nt a l tas k w ith political overton es : identifYing appropriate rol e s <span style="color: #6d635a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 29.3333px;">= <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 29.3333px;">. the lar g er communit y where, b e c a u s e of great e r personal and cognitive po w e ~ they are beginning t o function more independently. Youthful maturing often br i n g o : counte rs ocializing experiences. Students chall e ng e the authority they previo us ~ = ­ as s ign e d, without que s tion , to ce r t ai n p e ople in c luding parents , teachers, and g m -­ e rnment official s.  To fun c tion d e mocr at icall y , d e mocracie s ha ve faith in their citizens to d o w-  i s ri g h t. A g reem e nt on w hat i s ri g ht comes from ha v ing comm o n conviction s __ ar ____ " ____ " __ b e li efs a bout what is i mportan t or of v alue. A t a minimum, t hese include the p ­ vi s ion f or t he ba s ic n ee d s of individual s and th e r es pect for the human dign i ty indi v idu a l s. Such i dea s are le a rned through socialization. Howev e r, soci a liz a t i can be c ome conformi ty for th e wrong reasons and to the d e triment of th e h dignity of some or all of the population. For that reason, citizens are encourag e d ­ question what is h a pp e ning and decide whether the consequences of action s ~ those they consider important and of most worth or value. Democratic value s __ a ____ - ____ " ____ " __ belief s ( c i v ic ideal s ) a ssociated with democracy and identified in formal po s i. s t a t e m e nt s from the NCSS ( 1989, 199 4 b ) ar e li s t e d in Tabl e 10. 1. School s refl e ct t h e v alue s of th e s ociety. Such v alue s a s s elf-discipline, CO nE E : : s u s, e quali ty , tol e rance , fairne ss, lo y alt y, hon e st y, a nd freedom are of great c o n ~ in th e functionin g o f a ll c la s sroom s. C itizens mu s t agr e e on the values and t h E : : ­ import a nce if soci e t y i s to function smoothl y and have it s laws ob s e r - ­ Elementary and middl e s chool s tud e nt s need to e xamine the meanings of th e \ " ' ~ -

u es and p r edi c t w hat lif e would b e lik e if people did not prac t ice thes e values. **In** so doing, s tud e nt s decide on the type of s ociety they want and need and come to under s tand th e re a s on s for a ct i n g i n w a ys that brin g about s uch a s ociet y. C i t i z enship e duc a tion in a d e mo c rac y i s go in g be y ond conc e ptual under s tanding s to include the dev e lopment of // participator //// y //// skills: // cr at ic v alu es a nd principl es ( P a t ric k, 1999 ) Th e contributi o n of pol i tic a l sci e nc e to s ocial studie s includes helping students find out ho w p e opl e u se th e ir o w n // p //// e //// r //// so //// n //// al //// po //// we //// r // to m a ke a difference in their l i ve s and ot h e r s ' li ves. It a l s o exa mine s ho w ind i vidu a l s j o in togeth e r to make decisions // c //// oll­ //// e //// cti //// v //// el //// y // for th e ir common good. R es ear c h o n d e mocratic a ttitud es rep o rt s th a t t h e cla ss room cl i mate and th e hidden curriculum ofthe s chool directly aff e c t s tud e nt s' attitudes. Even ifthey are not r e cognized formall y in th e s oci a l s tudi e s curri c ulum, conc e pt s and values re­la te d to politic s , l aw, a nd p o liti c al s ci e nc e a r e pre s ent e d indir ect l y thr o u g hout the <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.6667px;">K- <span style="color: #0b0b0b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.6667px;">8 curri c ulum. S t ud e nt s or g r oups o f s tudent s may witn e ss and experience dis­crimin a tion, f a voriti s m , and t yr ann y rather than toleran ce, equalit y, and ju s tice. Thi s c a n r es ult fr o m cl ass room or s cho o l clim a t es in w hich teacher s accept s ter e o­types a s f a ct s about individuals or se e k to k ee p particularly voc a l or influential par e nt s h a pp y at the ex p e n s e of equal opportunit y for all individu a ls in the school to g ro w and l ea rn. C o nfl ic tin g individual or s mall-g ro up int e r e sts conc e rnin g school curriculum h a ve r es ul te d in v a r ious pr e s s ure g roups see king chan g es in school board policie s or s t a t e aT!: ~ n a tional l a w s. Form a l in s truction in d e mocr a tic ci t iz e n s hip t hrough th e social- s tudies cur r iculum i s n ee ded to help students overcome misconceptions and mi s under s tanding s about dem o cratic philo s ophy and U.S. g ov e rnm e nt. A com­mi t m e nt to d e moc r a t ic prin c ipl es, a w illin g ne ss to e n g ag e in the democratic pr o ce ss , and th e affirmation of cor e value s are key elements of the bond that joins u s as " We the P e opl e" ( NCSS , 1997 ). Th e prim ary - g rade L ea rning Cy cl e on pa ge 3 03 d e fine s // v //// ot //// i //// n //// g, // one of the mo s t fundament a l c o ncepts related to decision making and the individual use of power. A c l e a r under st and i n g of th e conc e pt of votin g a nd it s con se quence s i s e ss e ntial if st udent s a r e t o b e in vo l ve d in th e proce ss of making s om e decisions concerning their activitie s. ** In ** th e United Stat es, c iti ze n s mak e their wi s he s k n o w n b y voting for repre­ se n t a t i v e s, v o t ing dir ec tl y on i ss u es in ref e r e ndums , s ignin g petitions , w riting let­ters , displ a ying signs , taking part in support rallies , and giving speeches. The ri g ht s o f f re edom o f s peech, fr ee dom ofth e pr ess, peac e ful asse mbl y, and petition­in g th e g o ver nm e n t ar e gu a rante e d b y th e Fir s t Am e ndm e nt of the U. S. Consti t ution. ' Par t icip a tion in s uch activities is expected to reflect evidence of truthfuln ess a nd thou g htful c o n s id e r at ion of t he i ss u es. Pro v i s ion s ar e stipulat e d for le g al r e dr ess o f gri eva nce for untruthful inform at ion and malicious intent. // t //// ex //// t co //// n //// tinu //// e //// s //// o //// n p //// a //// g //// e //// 306 //
 * // I //// nte //// r //// ac //// ti //// ng // throu g h communic a t i on and c oop e r a tion in poli t ical and c i v ic life
 * // M //// o //// nit //// o //// rin //// g // th e work a nd a ctions of politic a l leaders and institutions
 * // Inf //// l //// u //// e //// nc //// i //// n //// g // o t her s a nd in s titution s to deal wi t h iss u es c o nsi ste nt w ith demo-

<span style="color: #b1ab9b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16.6667px;">" <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16.6667px;">. <span style="color: #5a5d4a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|www] <span style="color: #33332f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|.] <span style="color: #5a5d4a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|a] <span style="color: #2e4a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|b] <span style="color: #102806; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|l] <span style="color: #5a5d4a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|o] <span style="color: #2e4a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|n] <span style="color: #5a5d4a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|gma] <span style="color: #2e4a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|n] <span style="color: #33332f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|.] <span style="color: #2e4a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|c] <span style="color: #5a5d4a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|o] <span style="color: #2e4a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|m] <span style="color: #7c796a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|/s] <span style="color: #5a5d4a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|u] <span style="color: #b1ab9b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|n] <span style="color: #cfcfbc; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">[|a] <span style="color: #5a5d4a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;"> :" B e c a use m a ny groups view citizensh i p education as on e of their roles, t hE :. _ = ­ sources for citizen s hip e ducation are literally countless a nd, a s Emil y Woo d __ :: ____ : ____. ____ • ____ • ____ : ____ ~ __ "a ll a round u s. " E ve n b e for e the Int er net mad e m a terial s r ea dil y a v ailabl e, int e r es t gr o up s and bu s in esses w er e w orking to promote th e ir view s ab ou t - -
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">Interviewer: **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">What are some words of advice or encouragement that you would give t <span style="color: #5a5d4a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">beginning teachers conc <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">rning the teaching of civics and social studies <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">?
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Emily ****<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">Wood: **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Civics can be lots of fun. I majored in <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">g <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">overnment as an und <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">rgradua <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">te a <span style="color: #5a5d4a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #7c796a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">so had the inter <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">st from the beginnin <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">g. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">But it really can be de <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">v <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">eloped. Get interested <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">in <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">· <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">g <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">overnment <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ourself <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Develop <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">our own interest <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Social studies is all around <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">; <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">use curr <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">en <span style="color: #7c796a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">vents to spark interest <span style="color: #33332f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">You will se <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">lots of things to do <span style="color: #33332f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Then join educational organiz <span style="color: #33332f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">­ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">tions <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">really take part in them. Read their publications <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">go to the conferences <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">and ser <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">v <span style="color: #33332f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">l <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">' 0 ­ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">committees <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">This will help you learn and grow <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">nd open more opportunities to you.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">Interviewer: **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Emil <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y, <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">it has been a pleasur <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">to talk <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">w <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ith <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ou <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">You are always enthusi <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">as <span style="color: #5a5d4a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #b1ab9b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #9b9486; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">about teaching <span style="color: #33332f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Thank you for sharing <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">our time and e <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">x <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">perience <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #33332f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.6667px;">Emily Wood: I **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">hope that this will h <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">lp. I hav <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">learned so much about m <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">city as I h <span style="color: #33332f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #5a5d4a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">explored its gov <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">rnment with my students <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">It has been a joy <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">!
 * 1) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">R <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ef <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">lect <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n tb <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">int <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">view <span style="color: #5a5d4a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">th <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n d <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">es <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">crib <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e w <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">h <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t mak <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">es <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Emil <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Wood <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n aw <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">rd-win <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #5a5d4a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #7c796a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #33332f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ac <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">h <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r.
 * 2) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Tho <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">se <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">wh <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">p <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">rform <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ed t <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">h <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #33332f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; 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How do you think Emily W <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">od s <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #33332f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #7c796a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">these in <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">truction <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">l <span style="color: #33332f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">tr <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">tegie <span style="color: #131312; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s?
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zen s hip a nd th e ir va lue s by m a k i n g free m at e r i a l s and g u est s p ea ker s avail a bl e to c lub s and s chool s. The se re s ourc es prom o t e th e ir p e r s p ec ti ve s o n public or ci v i c issu es. D e t e rm i ning the quality of such m a terial s for use in the c lassroom i s im­port a nt. Co mm e rciall y pr e p a red mat e rial s s uch as t e xtbook s, v id e o , film , and s oft­ w ar e ofte n g o t hrou g h offic ia l state pr oce du res to r e c e i ve ad o p t i o n a pp rov al s. But ma ter ial s s pon s or e d b y i n t er est gr o up s a nd bu s ine sses ge n e r a ll y do not g o through s uch a scre e n i ng proc ess. Parent s and te ac h e rs find it incr eas in g l y diffi c ult t o ass ume that the re so urc e ma te rial s s tud e nt s c a n ob ta i n ar e a ppr o pri a t e and w i t h i n t h e abili t i es of st ud e nt s to under s t a nd and e va lu ate. T o ass i st p are nt s a nd tea cher s, va riou s e du ca tion agenc i e s a nd or g ani za tio ns hav e join e d fo rces to as s ess m a terial s and to p r ovid e ratin g s ys t e m s. Th e e ducation d e partm e nt f or th e st a t e of C alif o rnia provid es a l a r ge d a ta b ase o f r es ou r c es ma t ch e d t o th e sta t e o bjec t i ves. A l i nk t o t heir we b s ite c an b e acc esse d at t he C ompani o n W ebs i te. The Natio n al Council for th e Soci a l Studi es j o ins in c o a li t ion s w ith educ a tors, busin e ss, government , a nd ci v ic organization s t o pr o mote th e teaching of p ow er f ul s oci a l st ud i e s. Prof essi on a l e du cat i on o rga ni za t i on s m ak e t each e r s a ware of opportunitie s , i ss u es , a nd r eso urc es t h ro ugh m e e t in gs and p u blication s. Th ey a l s o i n v e s t i gate , deb a te , t a k e po si tion s, a nd s pe a k out to promot e their g oals relat e d to improvin g th e t ea chin g of their subj e ct matt e r. Amon g the g roup s w ith w hich N C SS w ork s ar e Th e A m e ri ca n P r omi se a nd C hildr en's Book C ouncil. Fr ee dom ~ o discu s s a nd comm e nt on t he action s of go v ernment and it s repr e s e n­tativ e s i s essential in a democ ra cy. Freedom of the press i s among the specific r i g ht s g u a rant ee d b y t he fir s t a mendment t o th e U.S. C on sti tution. Throu g hout hi s t ory, n ews p a p e r s, m ag azin es , a nd b o ok s h av e provid e d ci t i ze n s t imel y informa­ t ion. The cr itic a l us e o f su c h r eso urc es i s among t h e s k i ll s pr o mot e d in soc ial s tud­ies e ducation. M e dia pla ys a m a jor role in forming public opinion b e caus e it c ontr o l s th e knowledg e of c itizen s. F a ilu r e t o b e m e di a l i tera te is a maj or ob s t ac le to s u c ce ss ful adult ci v ic pa rt icip at ion ( Ne l so n, 1990 ). S peci a l n ews pap e r s a nd m aga zin e s f o r s tud e nt s at var iou s a g es, such a s // Scholasti //// c //// Mag //// az //// in //// e // and // Time //// fo //// r Ki //// d //// s, // att e mpt to e ncour a ge th e m to develop s kill s and habi ts nec ess a ry to k ee p cu rre nt w ith event s and ac qui re ci v ic kno w l­ e d ge. Lo ca l n ews pap e r s h av e all ie d t o cr eat e a pro gra m c a ll e d N ews p a p ers in Edu ca tion w h e r e b y l ess on s on h ow to u s e t h e n ews pap er ar e p ro vid ed to teach e r s, and the local p a per i s provided for ev e ry s t ud e nt in partic i patin g cla ss es for a w e e k. N ews ma g azin es such a s // Tim //// e // a nd // N //// ewswee //// k // h a ve cr e at e d s p ec i a l e duca­tion a l pro g ram s in w hich st ud e n ts s ub s cribe to t h e m ag azin e at a r e duc e d ra te. Te a ch e r s re c ei ve wee kl y teac hin g g uid es and h ave th e opp o r t unit y to s el e c t s pe­ciall y prepared p a cket s on // i //// s //// su //// es // and endu r ing concern s pr e pared from the news

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ag e ncy archiv e s. Most of th e s e organizations also have w e bsites th a t support teachers with lesson idea s and s pecial s e ction s for student s that explain concepts relat e d to stori es r e ceiving curr e nt media co ve rage. Teacher s often help stud e nt s learn about e vent s and th e obligation s a nd pro­cedures for r e portin g new s throu g h activitie s s uch a s producing a ne ws pap e r on e v e nts in th e ir own classroom or in a tim e p e riod under s tud y. Oft e n s tud e nts or teach e rs a s k que s tions about e ve nt s in the lo ca l communit y or about int e rnational iss ues the y encounter throu g h studying current ev e nts. Such que s tions make ex­cellent topics for units of study or local problem-solvin g activities. Students in grades 4 and 8 who took the 1998 NAEP in civics and who r e ported using news­papers, magazin es, and books w e ekly or onc e or twice a month scored higher than students w ho s aid they ra r ely or s eldom ever used them. El e mentar y and middl e s chool teach e r s w ho regularl y use curr e nt e v e nt s re­port doing so bec a u se they illu st rat e soci a l s tudi es content w ith curr e nt examples, helping s tudent s s ee the auth e n t icit y and n ee d for stud y in g th e social studi es cur­riculum. Current e v e nt s i s a v ehicle through w hich stud e nt s can learn about other na t ion s. Stud e nt s need importan t s kill s to b e come acti v e citiz e n s: g atherin g infor­mation, anal yz ing s tatem e nt s , identif Y in g bia s, definin g problem s, s ummarizing viewpoints, and drawing con c lusions. Th e s e s kills ar e taught and reviewed by studying curr e nt e vents. The outcomes of s tudying curr e nt events are values and attitudes such as developing empathy, reducing ethnocentric thought, building global awaren e ss , recognizing i nterdepend e nce, appr e ci a ting others a nd their v i ews, encouragin g tolerance , a nd realizing th e need a nd importanc e of b e ing an informed, active citiz e n. Teachers use a va r i e t y of resourc e s when studyin g current e ve nt s, with local n e w s pap e r and lar g e urb a n paper s being t h e mo s t f re quentl y men t ioned , follow e d by televi s ion. New s m ag azines in c luding sp e ci a l y outh edi­ti o n s and pro g ram s rank third in frequenc y of u s e ( Haa s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.6667px;">& Laughlin, 2000 ). Mar y Hepburn, director of th e Citizen Education Divi s ion at the Carl Vinson In s titute of Go ve rnment at th e Un i v e rsit y of Georgia ( 1998 ) , elaborate s on the

8.  impact of el e c tr oni c media as a s o c iali z in g agent that ne e d s seriou s recon s ider a ­tion in th e social studies curriculum. Hepburn relates th a t as e arly a s 1979, Nei l Po s tman pr e di c t e d that te l e vision w a s fa s t b e coming " the fir s t curriculum , " mean­in g th a t it would s urpa s s th e influenc e o f s chools a s a ci v ic s education agen t. Tod ay, th e va st majorit y of peopl e in the Unit e d St a t e s recei v e th e ir new s throug h el e c t ronic media ; nearl y t w o-third s of U.S. hom e s have more than one television ; and mor e than h a lf th e childr e n have their own tel ev i s ions. The incr e as e in ind i ­viduali z ed media u se, es pe c i a ll y b y y oung children , me a n s t hat both t e acher s an d p a rent s n e ed to help st ud e nt s l e arn to us e electronic media , including televi s io n , v id e o , iPod s , and comput e r s, in me a nin g ful and app r opriat e w a ys that h e lp th e m gain knowledg e a nd still have prosocial , democr a tic int e ractions with the gr e at d i­v e rs it y of p e ople w h o a r e their f e llo w c i t iz e n s. Mor e att e n t ion n e ed s to be gi v en t o th e power ofth e medi a to influenc e directly and indir e ctly people ' s knowled g e an d p e rc e ption s. E v e ry on e n ee d s to b e a w are of th e media 's potential to di s tort a n d mislead throu g h repet i tion, bi a s , and s t e reot y pe. T e l evis ion relie s on pic t ur es to pr ese nt it s s to r ie s. Tele v i s ion journali s t s' cr i ti­ ci z e th e ir m e dium for ha v in g s cript s s o s hort th a t th e y di s tor! ; ,.the n ews. Tim e r e ­s tric t ion s prohibi t pro v iding a p ers p e cti v e to fram e s tori es a rid impede pro v idi n comple te s tatem e nt s of th e v ariou s v i ew points ( Trotta, 1991 ). The Childr en ' 5 T e le v i s ion A c t of 1990 limited th e number of minute s of ad s per hour in childr en ' 5 p r o gr ams a nd r equired s tation s to a ir edu c ational s ho ws for children a s a con d i ­ t ion of lic e n s e ren ew al. Bec a u s e a ll yo uth a nd es p e ci a ll y t ho s e from lo w er s ocioeconomi c back g rou n c l5 sp e nd much time watchin g t e l e vision, tel e vi s ion is a socializin g and educa ti n g fo r c e in th e ir li v e s. All e n Smith ( 19 8 5 ), a t ea che r in New York C i ty , de ve loped l e s ­ sons critic a lly examining popular t e le v ision sho ws a s a w a y of asking his s tud en t5 to exa min e th e charact er trai ts o f g ood ci t izen s and w a ys in which peopl e c a n i n ­ fluence th e quality of pro g r a mming. A we b s it e d ev ot e d t o c r e a t in g cr it i cal v iewers of th e m e dia is a ss oc i at e d wi t l:. the Yale Univer s it y Famil y Telev i sion R esea rch and Con s ult a tion Cent e r (see t h e C ompanion We1 5 s ite ). Th e, sit e contain s acti v itie s to h e lp le a rn and teach about t e l ­e v is ion vi e win g habit s, car e er s in tel e vi s ion , determinin g r e alit y from illu si o n. avo idin g the r e inforcement o f s t e r e otyp es, dealing with contro v ersial i s sue s, r e a ­ s onin g w ith ethic s a nd mor a lit y , a nd r es ea r chin g the imp a ct of act s of aggr ess i o r : a nd s ocietal violenc e. Each o f th ese topic s r e v e al s the great impact t e levi s ion h a ' O on U.S. c ulture. An o th e r compreh e n s i ve s it e o n media i ss ue s, conta i ning t eac h e r les s on plans for the el e m e ntar y g r ade s t e achers, is the Media Awarene ss Net w or :5. ( see th e Companion Web s i te ). Computer usage is incr e a s in g in s chools and holds gr e at pot e ntial for s o c i ~ s tudi es educ at i o n a nd for b r in g in g to ge th e r p e opl e f ro m all ov e r the w orld t o a d ­ dress shar e d is s ue s a nd problem s th a t are often global in s c op e and characteri s t i c. . C -Sp a n p rov id es t eac h e r s w ith dail y l ess on plan s o n b rea king n e w s that c an b e downloaded (s e e the Companion Web s ite ). It pr ese nt s news broadc as t s for us e w i s tud e nt s a lon g w ith s p ec i a l n ews ca s t s th a t s upport s chool s ubject s. Computer <span style="color: #59514b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8px;">US <span style="color: #998f88; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 8px;">E

9. h a s cr ea ted m a ny n e w words, on e of w hich i s //te// // led //// e //// m //// ocra //// cy //// , // which ha s t h ree dimen s i o n s:  We b s i t e s s uch as Sp ea kou t. c o m a nd U N I C EF ' s Vo ic es of You t h ar e exa m p le s of te l e d e m o cr acy ( see th e C om pa nion W e b s it e ). Comput e r usag e place s a n incr ea sed d e mand on so cial s tudie s educator s to t ea ch th e full r a nge o f medi a lite racy s kill s. Thi s i s part ic ularl y ev id e nt w h e n co m­ p u te r s are c o nn e c t ed t o th e Inte m et wi th i t s wi d e u se of v id eo, pi ct ur es, and c a r­t o on s. Wit h t h e g lu t of info r m a tion, s tud e n ts m or e t h a n ev er n ee d to b e ac t ive in cr it i ca ll y e va lu at in g w ha t t h ey se e , h ear, a nd cr e at e. T e acher s c an a cco m pli s h th e se obj e cti ves throu g h l ess ons i n whi c h s tud e nt s ' s tud y and use ea ch form of m e dia a nd c o mpare th e v ariou s fo rms o f m e di a. L ess on idea s th a t a ccomplish th ese e nd s are i nclud e d in th e foll owing li st :
 * Us in g th e In ter n et for so u r c es of pu b li c i nf o rm at i o n
 * En g agin g p e opl e i n el ec troni c discu ss ion s
 * Fa c il i tatin g politi c al participation, in c ludin g s ignin g petiti o n s and communi­catin g thr o u g h l e tt e r s a nd a r ti c l es ( L ars on <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.6667px;">& Keip er , 1999 )
 * 1) E xa min e t h e pre sen t at i o n of a sto r y as it app ea r s in a te l ev i s ion n ews br o a d­c ast, a n ews pap e r , and a ne ws mag a zin e . C ompar e how ea ch m e dium cove rs th e s tory . U s e a chart with cate g orie s s uch a s fact s, back gro und e xplanation , emotional w ord s, o pinion s or v i ew poin ts, and gr aphi cs or pi c ture s.
 * 2) An a l y z e n ews s t ories in t h e n ews p a p er a nd t e l ev i sion for t h e i r l e ng t h and con­ ten t . Di sc u ss th ese find i n gs and st ud e n ts ' f ee lin gs a b o u t w h at the y h av e f o und.
 * 3) Co mpar e d i f fer e n t ty p es of t e l ev i sio n pr og ram s a nd w ritt e n a r ti c l es. Ha ve st u­dents id e nti f y wh a t the y like a nd dislike about various pro g rams and ar t i c les a r.? :d which a re m os t appr op ri a t e in a nsw er i ng v ar i ou s t y p es of qu es tion s.
 * 4) F e ll ow a b ig n ews st or y t hrou g h it s d eve lop me n t o ver t im e . Ma k e l i s t s o f t he kno w led ge learn e d on eac h da y . As k n ew qu est ion s a nd fo rm te n t a t i ve c o n c lu­si o n s a s th e s tud y pro gres s es. W h e n th e s to ry i s over, r ev i ew t h e ex peri e nc e. Id e ntify w hich of the t e ntat ive conclu si ons w e re a c c ura te. Identif y the most h e lp f ul qu es tion s as ked . Mak e final c onclu s ion s and jud g men t s on ho w objec­ti ve l y an d co mpl ete l y th e s to ry was p r e s en te d.
 * 5) E xa min e t h e t r a d e -off 's in v ol ved i n t h e qu a lit y of i nform at i o n and t he s p ee d of t ra n sm i t ting a st o ry. De ci d e at w h at t im es s p ee d or deta i l s a r e more important.
 * 6) A s k s tud e nt s to ge nera te que st ions t h at th ey s t i ll h a ve aft e r readin g or h e ar­in g a ne ws s tor y. R es ea rc h t h ese q u est ion s.
 * 7) In terv i ew a dul t s a bou t s om e ve r y s i g ni f ic a n t e v en t ( p ast o r pr ese n t ) and as k h ow t h ey g ot th eir i nfo rmat io n.
 * 8) I n t erv ie w lo c al j oumali sts ab o ut their prof ess ion and th e p r obl e m s th ey e n­count e r in th e ir wo rk.
 * 9) H a v e st ud e n t s ass um e th e rol e of a journ a li st . H ave t h e m w rit e va riou s t y p e s o f art i c l es a nd p ro du ce t h e i r ow n n ews p aper, v id e o, or we b s i t e . A s t h ey

e n co un te r th e p ro bl e m s o f th e j ourn a li st, di sc u ss t h es e pr o bl e m s, h a y ing st u - ' dent s d es c r ib e their f e eling s about the pr o bl e m s and t h e solution s u s ed b y th e c l ass or b y t h e e dit or. Th e la w - r el a t e d e ducation mo ve m e nt b e gan b e cau s e of th e concern of law yer s a nd e du cators ove r t h e f a ilu re o f th e tra d it ion a l text book a pproach of ci v ic ed ­uca t io n t o pro v id e a living conten t and vibrant a ct iv itie s for s tudents ( Sta rr, 19 8 9 ). A d v o cates o f l aw -r e la te d e duc a ti o n ( LRE ) o f ten criti c i ze s chool ci vi c s c u r­ ricula bec a u se s tud e nt s a re taught the unre a li st ic p e rspecti ve of a so ci e ty t h a t i s in h a rmo ny an d free f ro m con f lic t. LRE p r o v id es m a n y opp or tunit i e s t o e x ­ amine the conflict b e tw ee n se l f- inter es t and th e common g ood. L eg al i ss u es re­ qui re care ful exa m i n at i on of di s a g r ee m e n ts a nd conf li c ts. Me di a tion as a pro ce du re for se t t l i n g di sa gr e ement s i s usually t a ught a s a way to avoid c o st l y a nd n ega ti ve a c t i ons t h a t mi g ht le a d to in v ol v in g fo r m a l ju s tic e proc e dur e s. E x amini ng t he r es olution of i ss u es illu s tr a t es ho w s O fu e ty d e al s w ith c onfli c t s f or t h e co m m on g ood an d protect s di sse nt throu g h t h e conc e pt s of indi v idu a l, min o rit y, a n d hum a n r ig h ts. LRE is s uppo rte d a nd pr o m ote d b y t h e A mer ic a n Bar As soci a tion, which c a n b e c ont acte d th r ough it s w e b s it e (s e e th e C omp a nion W e b s it e). Oft e n, local a n d sta t e b ar asso ci a t io n s w or k w ith sc hool sys tem s b y t r ainin g t e ach e r s and b y p r o - , v i din g g u est s p e ak e r s. Jud ges, p o lic e o ff ic er s, and la wy er s are frequ e ntl y a s k e d t o s p e ak to c la sses. Fi e ld trip s t o c o urt s t o ob serv e th e dail y m ea nin g of the lo ss ' o f p e r s on a l fre e dom a nd to l eg i s lati ve b o die s to ob se r v e th e proc ess of making l a w s s up p l y s tud e nt s w ith inform at ion o n LRE t o pic s. LRE l esso n s st r ess a cti ve st ud e nt parti c ip a tion in l ea rnin g conc e pt s and p e r ­ f or min g va lu e a nal ys i s. Rol e -pl ay i ng, s imulation s, mo ck tr ials , s truc t ur e d di s c u s ­s i o n , an d a n a l ysis of sto ri es c ont a inin g mor a l dilemma s o r ex pr ess in g v ie w poi n ts ar e f r e qu en tl y u s ed. L ess on cont e n t c e nte rs on the need fo r l a ws, hum a n and l eg a. : . ri g h ts, i n div i d u a l a nd ci v i c res p o n si bil i ti es, pro cesses o f the l e g a l syst em , a nd th e import a n t l eg al p r in c ipl es a nd v alue s f o und in th e C o n s tituti o n a nd t he Bil l 0 : Ri g h ts. S p e ci a l pr o j ects o n c rimin a l ju s tic e and th e judiciar y sys t e m h a ve b e en d e ­v e loped fo r int e rm e di a t e and middl e s ch o ol s tud e nt s. LRE see k s to fo ste r t h e g ro wt h a nd d eve lopm e n t in st ud e nt s o f kno w l e d g e and beha v io rs ne e d e d b y c i ti z en s livin g in a plur a li st ic a nd d e mocrat i c s oci e t y. I t i s a ppr o p riat e to u se w ith p r i m a ry - gra de st ud e n ts, and it s topi cs a re auth en t i c p r obl e m s c h i ldr e n ha v e a s th ey r e late to children, a dult s , a nd in s ti t ution s ( McB e e . 1 9 96 ). I t i s r e c om m e nd e d th at LRE p rog ram s b e d es i g n e d to promot e g ro wt h i n s ev eral of th e LRE le a rnin g out co m e s list e d in Tabl e 10. 2 ( And e r s on, 19 8 0 ). T ab l e 10. 2 s u ggests h ow tea ch ers can eva lu a t e th e i r s u c c ess in t ea chin g abou t the l a w. Th e de s ir e d outcom es of LRE a re li s ted in th e ri g ht column. The l e ft colu m n li sts be h aviors an d p erce p t ion s t h at n o t o nl y are oppo s i te, b u t a l s o re fl e c t a p e r -

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font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #252524; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">H <span style="color: #0c0c0b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ow <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d <span style="color: #0c0c0b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #252524; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ou <span style="color: #0c0c0b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">u <span style="color: #0c0c0b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">g <span style="color: #252524; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">g <span style="color: #0c0c0b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">est <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">h <span style="color: #0c0c0b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ndlin <span style="color: #0c0c0b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">g <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">thi <span style="color: #0c0c0b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">prob-
 * G a ining a s en s e or a st ak e in th e c ommunity
 * G a inin g a s en se of se lf- w or t h a nd r esp o n s i bili ty

10. solving, and planning or organizing projects Wade and Saxe ( 1996 ), in their review of empirical evidence for the impact o f community service learning, reported that research was far from conclusive on th e positive impact of service learning on social studies-related goals. Still, educator s politicians, business, and service communities consider service learning viable, an d the number of people and schools taking part in it is increasing. A survey by t h e National Center for Education Statistics ( Skinner <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.6667px;">& Chapman, 1999 ) found th a 38 percent of middle schools in the United States had students participatin g i n community service activities. Traditionally, citizen participation has been categorized as one of four type s <span style="color: #686158; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">o <span style="color: #827c6f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10px;">r behavior: Recently, participation has been viewed with a broader sociopolitical definit i o volunteer service through the donation of time and money and mutual self-h e _ group projects addressing common problems (Langston , 1990). //Service learni// // n //// g // ~ a particular form of community service that incorporates service in the commu n i : :­ with curriculum objectives and classroom activities and discussions (Hepb u r= ­ . 2000). In social studies, Rutter and Newmann ( 1989 ) advocate the connection b e issues such as social responsibility , improvement of the common good, and op p o : :- ­ tunities for meaningful political participation. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Before reading furth <span style="color: #1b1b19; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #31302b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">record your answers to the following questions <span style="color: #31302b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">:
 * Practicing such important skills as cooperation, decision making, problem
 * Gaining exposure to positive role models and career possibilities
 * Increasing a sense of control over their environment
 * Increa s ing personal interaction with a wider variety of people of other ages and cultural backgrounds ( Procter <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.6667px;">& Haas, 1990 )
 * 1) Participation in aspects of the electoral process
 * 2) Participation in grass-roots citizen actions
 * 3) Involvement in providing advice to form governmental policies and practic e s
 * 4) Participation in obligatory activities
 * 1) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">In what type of situation <span style="color: #31302b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">( <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #4c4741; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">might the average citizen assume a leadership role <span style="color: #31302b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">?
 * 2) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">What are three ways in which citizens of differing interests and abiliti <span style="color: #1b1b19; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s might <span style="color: #1b1b19; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #31302b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #827c6f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #a7a28d; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. <span style="color: #827c6f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">their community?
 * 3) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">What variables can you think of that might help or hinder a citizen <span style="color: #31302b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">' <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s ability to <span style="color: #31302b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">se <span style="color: #827c6f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #a7a28d; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">. <span style="color: #827c6f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">­ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">his or her community <span style="color: #1b1b19; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">?
 * 4) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">In what kinds of service activities can the elementary and middle schools in <span style="color: #1b1b19; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">vo <span style="color: #686158; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">l <span style="color: #827c6f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">v <span style="color: #686158; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">their students <span style="color: #31302b; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">?
 * 5) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">What opportunitie <span style="color: #1b1b19; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">are present in th <span style="color: #1b1b19; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">school for students to perform services <span style="color: #4c4741; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">?

A ll p e opl e h ave p e r s on al p ower. Onl y a f ew p eo pl e exert p o li t ic a l po wer d a il y.  The inf o rm a l u se of p owe r mo st l i k e l y o cc ur s wit h i n l ess fo rm al s oci a l in s titut io n s, s uch a s famil y, fr i e nd s, n eig hb ors , a nd co mmunit y -b ase d o r g ani z a t ion s o r club s. Th e or ga ni zed and f orma l u se of p owe r an d inf l uence i s assoc i ate d wit h p olitic a l i n st itu t ion s b e ginnin g at t h e c o mmuni ty l eve l. In to d ay ' s wor ld, m a n y i ss u es a nd con ce rn s a r e not limited b y g eo g raph i cal boun d ar ies. Th e lar g er the di s tribution of th e i ss u e, th e mor e lik e l y it is th at l egal a nd p o l itica l o r ga n iz ation s p la ya rol e in t h e s olu t ion s. W h ereas pol it i ca l ac ti v i s m re c eives t h e gre at est am o unt of publ icity, s o c ial a c ti v i s m h as r es pond e d mor e qui c kly to t h e n e ed s of p e opl e throu g hout h i s­to ry, i mpro ve d th e li ves of va s t number s o f p eo pl e, a nd prompt e d m a n y of th e s o­ci a l o r gan iz at i o n s a nd m uch of t h e soc ial l eg i s l at i o n t ak en f or g r a nt e d t od ay. Soc ial a c t ion i s of p ar ti c ula r i m por t an ce t o a l a r ge and di v er se d e mocr a c y. Tod ay, citiz e n s ar e gr ea tly con ce rned with th e apparent ali e nation o f youth a nd v ari o u s popul a ti o n g roup s. Man y see v olu n t eer a n d mu t u a l s elf-h e lp t y p es of com­ m un ity se r v i ce a s ha vi n g a n im p or ta nt ro l e i n co r r e c t in g soc iet a l p r obl e m s. Th ey s e e k to involve y o un g peopl e in communit y a nd se rvic e ac t i v itie s. Sever a l st a tes ha ve join e d Minn es ota and P e nn sy l va ni a in in c ludi ng s t a t ew id e s er vic e programs in the i r sc h o ol s ( C la r k, 1990 ). Th ese c o m munit y p ar ti c i pat i o n pro g r a m s includ e a " p ass ion at e co mm it m e n t to p r omot e r e a s on a bl e n ess, toler a nce , fa irnes s, a nd re­spe c t " (L a ng s ton , 1990 , p . 3 04). In 1996, N CS S a nd F a rm ers Insur a n ce G ro up j o in e d fo rces t o sta rt the Am er ic a n Promi se Netw o rk t o co ndu ct e du ca ti o n a l ou t r ea ch a c t iv i t i es promoting th e u s e of // Th //// e //// Am //// e //// rica //// n //// Pr //// o //// mi //// se, // a video s erie s and pr og ram th a t encoura g es se r­ v ic e lea : r : ! 1in g a nd communit y p ar ticipat io n. A link to i ts we b s i te i s found a t th e C o m pa iiio n W e b s i te. Thi s pro gra m e n c ou rages t eac h e r s and s tud e n ts to practice se r v ic e l ea rning a nd pr o m o te th e va lue s o f p reser vin g f r ee dom, e ncoura g ing a nd a cknowledgin g r es pon s ibilit y, fo s terin g p a rticipation , makin g hard choice s, u s ing i nfo r ma ti on , prov idin g o pp or tuni ty for a ll , u si n g l eve r age for ch a n ge, d e lib e ra t in g w ith ot her s, and see in g comm o n g round. In addition to indi v idu a l ch a racter-buildin g attributes, c ommun i ty s e rvic e is s e e n a s h av in g the p otenti a l to v italiz e th e cu rr iculum th o u g h au t hentic l i fe expe­ri e n ces th at r e quir e st uden ts t o u s e s oci a l a nd int e ll e c t u a l s kill s. Foll ow i ng an ex ­t e n s ive s urv ey of communit y s er v ic e proj e c ts, Pro c t e r a nd H a a s ( 1990 ) id e nt i fi e d s ix s pecific t y pe s o f s chool-b a s e d acti v iti es th a t a r e o f te n l a bel e d as communit y s er v i ce :
 * 1) U sin g the community a s a l a bor a tor y in which to pr a ctice skills le a rn e d in the c la ss room as a p ar t of the re gul a r curr i culum . Fo r e x a mpl e, s tud e nt s mi g ht re cord an o ral hi st or y o fth e c ommun ity a nd pr e pa re i t f o r use in th e sc hool o r l o cal l i b ra r y.
 * 2) Speci a l e v e nt s or co-curricul a r a c tiviti es s pon so red b y th e school o r a c lub . An e x a m ple w ould b e st ud ents ta ki ng p art in a d isaster r e li e f d r i ve.

11. 12.S e rvic e pro g r a m s t h a t req uir e a m i nimum numbe r of hour s o f serv i ce f or g ra du at i o n.  13.Spe ci all y de s i g n e d c our ses w ith c l ass w or k and p a r t icipation c o mpon e n ts. A n exa mpl e is helpin g o r g aniz e a r e c yc l in g c e nt e r.  14.Pro g ram s de s i g n e d f or s p eci fi c g roup s of s tud e nt s, s uch as st udent s at r i s k o r t ho s e w ith di s ab i l it i e s. An ex a mpl e i s havin g t h e s e stud e nt s u se t he i r s~ ll s t o t u t or or re ad to yo un ge r s tud e nt s or to h e lp w ith a Sp ec ial O l y mpi cs c o nt est. 15.Car ee r-or i ent e d pro g ram s w ith e mpha s i s o n spe c i fic w ork s kill s or a pr o f es ­ s ional o ri e nt at ion in w hich t h e s tuden ts wo rk p a rt of th e s cho o l d ay. Participation a cti v iti es a r e und e r ta k e n b y s tudent s aft er ca r e ful s tud y a nd prepar a tion. S t ud e nt s mu st kno w w h y th ey a r e in v ol ved a nd h ow to c a r ry t h e i r proj e cts t o completion. Te ac her s and oth er a d ul ts a ss i s t st ud e n ts in p r epa r in g f o r s uch proj e c ts. According to W ad e ( 2000 ), qu a li ty se rvic e -l e arnin g proj e ct s req ui re w illin g and hon est re fl ec ti o n t hrou g hout th e p r oj e c t in a cl assr o o m clim ate b as ed on c ar i n g, mutual re s p e ct, and o p e nne ss to di ve r ge nt id eas. T a bl e 10. 3 illu s t ra t e s so ci a l pa r ti c ip a ti o n. Thr ee t y p es o f servi c e f o und in s cho o l s t od ay a r e s cho o l, co m ­munity, and individu a l. Social parti c ip a ti o n is s h ow n o n a. : - c ontinuum o f p oss ib l e acti v itie s r a n gi n g fr om a on e-t im e acti vi t y r e qui r in g onl y a s mall c ommi t me nt o f tim e to lon g -t e rm proj e cts r equirin g a r eg ular commitm e nt of tim e a nd u s in g m u l ­t ipl e in t ell ec tual and s o c i al s k i ll s. S u stai n e d p er iod s o f serv ic e in t h e fi e ld ar e n e eded for ga i n s in political kno w ledg e, p art icip a to ry s kill s, and a f ee lin g of u n­ d e r s tand i n g p o litic s ( H e pburn, 2 000 ). Scho o l s ervic e proj e ct s ar e ce nter e d on a cti v iti es in the sc ho o l. Tuto r i n g y oun ge r s tud e nt s, performin g s ki ts to t e ach s af ety or he a l t h inform a t i on t o o t h e r student s, m a king tra y d e co r at io n s for hospit a l o r nu rs in g h o m e pati e n ts, a nd c o l ­ le c ting food or bl a nk e t s fo r the n ee d y a re e x ampl es. Co mmunit y proj ec t s in vo l v e s tud e nt s i n w orking w i t h or t hr o u g h go ver nm e n ta l a nd c o mmuni ty o r g a n iz at i o n s.
 * <span style="color: #35661e; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">TABLE 10.3 **
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Hierarchy of School-Based Community Service Projects and Learning Outcomes **
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">S <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">h <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">oo <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">l <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Se <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">v <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ce || <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Id <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">nt <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">f <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">in <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">g <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ee <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, || <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Coo <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">p <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ti <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">on <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">se <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">lf <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">- || <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">P <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">rti <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ip <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">at <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">act <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">v <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">m ||  K -1 2   ||  <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">B <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">si <span style="color: #51514a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c   ||
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Proj <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ct || <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">or <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ga <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ni <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">z <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">in <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">g <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">g <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">up || <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">st <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">em <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">pri <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e in || || || ||
 * || <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">mi <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">cs || <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">acco <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">mpl <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">is <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">hm <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t || || || ||
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Communit <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y || <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">C <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">m <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">mu <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">nic <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">at <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">on <span style="color: #51514a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, || <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Re <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">p <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ec <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #51514a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">b <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">he <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">hoo <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, || <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Comm <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">u <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">m <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">- ||  3-12   || ||
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Ser <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">v <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ce <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Pr <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">je <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t || <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">critic <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">l <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">hinkin <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">g <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, || <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">mp <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">th <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y || <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ic v <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">al <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ues || || ||
 * || <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">making || || || || ||
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Indi <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">v <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">idual || <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Tim <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">m <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">age <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">m <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">nt <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, || <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Hum <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n d <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ig <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ni <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y, <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ju <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">- || <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">A <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ppr <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ec <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ti <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">f <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ul <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">- ||  7 -1 2   || ||
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">S <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">rvi <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e P <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ro <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">j <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ect || <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">p <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ob <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">lem so <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">l <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">vi <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">g <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, || <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e, <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #292a26; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">p <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ibil <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y || <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">tur <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">l di <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ve <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">it <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">y <span style="color: #51514a; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">, <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #040404; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">l || ||  y   ||
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Helpin g o n a c l e anup dr ive, plan t in g t r ees i n a p a rk , a nd h e lpin g to build a c hil­dren ' s pl ayg round a re exam pl es o f co m m unit y serv ic e proj ec t s. Sch oo l a nd c o m­munity proje c ts are mor e pr e dominant in g rades <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.6667px;">K-8. The indi v idu a l serv ic e proj e c t i s on e in w hich th e in div idu a l ass um es th e maj o r r es pon s ibil i t y in carry in g ou t t h e se r vice f o r an exte nd e d p eri od o f tim e. Tutorin g in an adult l i t e ra cy pro g ram, b ei ng a s c o ut l ea d e r , a nd v olu nte er i ng in a nur s ing hom e a r e ex ample s o f indi v idual se r vi c e p r oject s. T a ble 10. 3 a l s o li s t s t he s kill s, va lue s, a nd citi ze n s hip conc e p ts th at are l ear n e d o r pr actice d i n e ac h ty pe of project. The pr o j e ct s a r e a rr a ng e d in a hi erar ch ic al or d er to d e mon s tr ate t h a t indi v idual project s use the s kill s, valu e s, a nd kno w l e d ge of th e ot her two p r oj ec ts as we ll a s tho se l is t e d f or i n di vi du a l p r oj ects. Indi v idu a l service p r oj e c ts are m o r e pr e domin a n t in t h e upp e r g r a d es ( Pr o ct er <span style="color: #040505; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12.6667px;">& H aas, 1990 ). Student parti c ipa t ion in th e go ver nment of th e i r o w n sc h o ol throu g h st ude nt coun­ c ils has l o ng b ee n a tradition in middl e and hi g h school s. Such pa r t i cip a tion a llo w s a t l e a s t s om e s tud e nt s t o p rac ti ce d emo cr a c y w h e n t h e s chool a d mi ni s t rat i on gi ves st ud e n ts t he f r e edom t o initi a t e iss u es a nd so l ve problem s. Tod ay, m a n y m iddle s chools a r e att e mpting to encour age s tudent go ve rnment. In schools in w h i ch such pro g ram s are s ucc es sful, th e entire sc ho o l and th e prin c ip a l h a v e a st ron g com­mitm e n t to t h e proce ss. St ud e nt gove rnm e n t i s con s id e r e d a n impor t ant l ea rn i n g e xp e ri e n c e for a ll s tud e nt s.   Stud e nt s elect re pre s ent a ti v e s, w ho m e et r eg ul a rl y , th e n re turn to s h a r e c o n­c e rn s a nd pr ogr e ss w ith cl ass m ates. S t udent s id e n t if y th e p ro bl ems a nd n ee d s o f t he sc hool and ar e ass i ste d in makin g th e a ppropri ate c o n tac t s in th e sc ho o l s y s ­t e m a nd ~ ommunity to c arr y out their pl a ns s ucce s sfully. Stud en ts car e fully re ­s earch t1: leir i d eas and d eve lop w o r k a ble p la n s. S t ud e nt s t h e n pr es e nt t he p lan s t o cl ass ma t e s, ex plainin g t h e co nc e rn s of t h e a dul ts an d ad min istr a t or s a nd c all i n g on f e llow s tud e nt s to e x hib i t the b e havior s ne e ded t o m a ke th e p ro gram a s ucc es s. The demo c ratic cl ass ro o m i s an o ther way of in vo l v in g s tud e nt s i n l e arn i n g about democr a c y. The wo rk in s uch cl as sr oo m s i s de s i g n e d to h ave st uden ts pr ac ­tice b e h av ior s t hat r e flect th e d e moc ra tic ideal s o f r igh ts, r es pon si bili t i es, a nd r e ­spect for se lf a nd others. Democratic cl as s es mak e u se o f techniqu e s s uch a s cooperati ve l ear nin g, fr ee ex p ress ion a nd di s cu ssi on of i d e a s, a nd the invo l ve m e nt of st uden ts in mak i ng d e ci si on s a nd se t t in g g o a l s ( Hol m e s, 1991 ). In v ol v in g st u­den ts in the a ss es s ment of p roj e cts i s also a n impor t ant asp e ct of th e democratic s chool. Th e t ea ch er mod e l s res p ec t fo r a ll st ud e nt s and t heir id e a s b y in v it ing s tu­dent s t o tak e p a r t in m ak in g age - a ppr o pri ate d ec i s i o n s. Throu g h qu est i o n s a nd i n­ vo l ve men t, st udent s a r e g u i d e d t o con s id er t h ei r n ee d s a nd th e common g ood. Th e y a re as ked qu es tion s dur i ng the d e ci s ion-m a kin g pro c e ss a nd are i nvol ve d in e v al­uati ng t he i r cho i c es a nd r e v i s in g proc e du res o r in s titu ti n g n ew ch o ic es as ne ed e d. T e ach e r s in d e mocr a tic c la ss room s t ru st t h e i r st ud e nt s a nd allo w t h e m to m a k e e r­rors and face the cons e quences. How e ver, th ey monitor th e c la ss room activit i es c a r e full y a nd e ncour a g e t he re aliz a tion a nd c or rec tion o f e rro rs b e fo re th ey b e com e b ig probl e m s.  1 I
 * <span style="color: #064100; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13.3333px;">Participation in Student Government **

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Some elem e ntar y teach e r s w ork dir e ctl y wi th th e ir s tude. ats to i n fluence the for ­ mation of public policie s at t h e loc a l, s tat e , and n a tional l e ve l s. Th e politic a l acti v ­iti es of third-grad e s tud e nt s at W e b e r El e m e ntary S c h o ol in F a irb a nks, Al as ka , ar e a ca se in poin t. Th e s tud e nt s ' act ivi tie s includ e d the s ele c tion of a cu r r e nt i ss u e, i n­ d e p t h study of fact s a nd c l a im s , and th e u se o f communi c ation s kill s and math e ­m a tic s s kill s to g a th er d a ta and inform citiz e n s a nd politician s of th e i r findin gs. N ew s pap e r article s, g u es t e ditorial s, a nd l e tt e r s re g ularl y flow from their cl as s ­ room throughout Ala s k a a nd th e continent a l Unit e d State s a s s tud e nt s s tud y i s ­ s ue s and s hare t h e i r kno w l e d ge and v ie ws. Not onl y do th e s tudent s learn t o gat he r a nd pr o c e s s information c oopera t i ve l y, but the y l e arn to re s pond approp r i ­atel y a nd u s efull y in th e democratic tradition. Th e i r te ac h er, Grac e Ann H e aco c k ex pl a in s, " the y a r e b e in g e mp ow e r ed to k ee p a g o ver nm e nt o f, for , and b y t h e p e o ­ pl e " ( Heac o ck , 1990 , p . 11 ). Over s e ve ral yea rs ' tim e the effor ts of th e E x tended L e arnin g Progr a m a t J a ckson El em entar y School in the S alt Lak e School Di s trict in U t a h ha v e r e s ul t e d i n th e c l e anup o f a ha za rdou s waste s it e, t h e pa ssa ge of t w o l aws , th e plantin g 0: hundred s of tr e e s, and $ 10 , 000 in n e i g hborhood si d ew alk impro v ement s. Te ac h e r Barb a ra L e wi s write s : " Solvin g s ocial probl e m s w ill b r in g e x c i t e m e nt a nd su s peI l E e in t o y ou r life " ( L ew i s, 1991 , p. 2 ). To a s s i s t oth e r s tud e nt s, t each e r s, a nd inter e st o o adult s, Le w i s ha s wr itt en // T //// h //// e //// K //// id' //// s G //// ui //// d //// e //// t //// o //// S //// o //// c //// i //// a //// l A //// cti //// on. // The following 10 t i p : : a re among h e r advic e for t a kin g a c tion:
 * <span style="color: #538c1c; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14px;">Political Participation **
 * 1) Cho ose a problem.
 * 2) Do y ou r re s earch.
 * 3) Br a in s torm po ssi ble s oluti o n s.
 * 4) Build coaliti o n s o f s uppo r t.
 * 5) Id e n t if y yo ur oppo s ition.
 * 6) Ad v e rti s e.
 * 7) Raise money.
 * 8) Carry out your solution.
 * 9) Evaluate.
 * 10) Don ' t giv e up.

Through a ctiv e ly takin g part in examining political issu e s and trying to influ­ e nce political deci s ion s, stud e n ts learn much a bout the functioning of th e g ov er n­ment. The y al s o le ar n importan t principle s concerning the u s e of po we r in s oci e t y and test thei r re as oning skills and value s. Such project s are filled with hard work a nd e motional up s and downs. Not e v e r y el e mentar y or middle school teacher w ant s to us e dir e c t politi ca l particip a tion w ith s tudent s. Ho wev er, becau se many options for social action exis t, all teacher s c a n f ind a form of p a rtic i pation in which to en g ag e their student s. Young peopl e ob serv e a dults and mod e l their beh av io rs on tho se of adults. Educ a tor s, e s p e ciall y so cial s tudi e s e duc at or s in a d e mo c rac y , pla y a major role in helping y outh s to focus on civic c hoic es and to e ncourag e youths to ev a luate possi­ble choi c e s, g a th e r fact s and opinion s on i s su es, and make their decision s on the ba s i s of t h e v alue s th a t s uppo r t d e mocratic principle s. Youn g p e ople n ee d to d e ­velop th e full r a n g e of in s truction a l g oal s t hat w ill l e ad t o an e thical s tance if they are to become good citiz e ns who take civic action for the common g ood oftheir com­munit y, s tate , a nd nation. A s p a r t of ex aminin g the role of th e s ocial s tudi e s pro­f es sional, memb e r s of the N C SS wr o te and a g r ee d t o a code of ethics for the social s tudies p r ofe s sion. The code of ethics ( see Figure 10.2) identifies the six principles that de s crib e how a so c ial s tudie s prof ess ional s hould approach t e aching the kno w led ge, s kill s, a nd va lu es a ss oci a t e d w ith e nlighten e d p o litic a l en g ag e ment to y oun g people. The entir e stat e m e nt that fu r ther explain s each principle can be eas­ily acces se d throu g h the Companion Web s ite. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">R <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ad t <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">he s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">x <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">prin <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ipl <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">es <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">of th <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">C <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">d <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">of E <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">hi <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">cs <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">for th <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e So <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">cial <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">S <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">tudi <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s Prof <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ess <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ion in <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">F <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">g <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">u <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">re <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">10.2 <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">nd <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">nswer th <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">following <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">q <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">uestions:
 * 1) <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">W <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">h <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">at a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e t <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">h <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ch <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">aracte <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ri <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ti <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">cs <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">of <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">c <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">l <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ass <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">r <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">oo <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">m m <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">n <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">age <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">m <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">nt that <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">are <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">m <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">os <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t com <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">p <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">a <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ti <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">bl <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e w <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">i <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">h th <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">fr <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ee co <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">nt <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">es <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">t <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">o <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">f id <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">eas?
 * 2) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Who b <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">sid <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">es <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">te <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ac <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">her <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">s a <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">re m <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">mb <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">rs of th <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">e s <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ocial studies profe <span style="color: #121212; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ss <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">ion?
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font-size: 12px;">[|/] <span style="color: #3f4d36; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">[|article] <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">[|.] <span style="color: #3f4d36; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">[|php] <span style="color: #6c7763; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">[|?] <span style="color: #3f4d36; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">[|stor] <span style="color: #6c7763; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">[|y] <span style="color: #3f4d36; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">[|=2002040212062215] <span style="color: #202120; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">[|1] <span style="color: #3f4d36; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">[|.] Citizen s in a democr a c y mu s t k n o w th e st ru c tu re and p r oc e dur es b y w hich th eir go v e r nment wor k s a nd t h e id ea l s a nd v alu es th a t s uppor t i t s b e li e f s a nd ac t i o n s. Th ey mu s t a l s o d e v e lop and pr ac ti ce c i v i c s kill s a n d a tti t ud es to c a r ry o ut t h e ir r e ­s pon s ibiliti es a nd duti es as citi z en s. Thi s in c lud es ex aminin g t h e c o nc e rn s of oth­ er s a nd r ec ogni z in g that di f f e r e nc es and s imilariti es e x i s t wi t hin e a ch s o c i et y. Stud e n ts n ee d to le a rn t o res p ec t a nd a pp re c i at e th e multicultu ra l natur e o f U. S. s ociet y a nd v i ew di versity a s pr ov idin g g r e a t e r p oss ibiliti es r at her th a n as a thr ea t. School s ha ve lon g b e en vi ewe d a s a pl a ce w h ere s tud e n ts l ear n t o g et a lo n g w ith other s and acqui r e and practi c e th e s kill s of a c ti v e p a rticipa t i o n in s o c i et y. M a n y ar e ca ll i n g for y ou t h t o pl ay a more active part in their communiti es. Scho o l s a r e changin g t h e i r curri c ula t o incr e a se the p a rticip a tion o f th e ir s tud e nt s in v ar ­ iou s a s p ec t s a nd e ff or t s in th e i r c ommuni t ie s. Ac t i v e p art icip at ion b y c itiz e n s i s a requ i rem e nt f or d e m o crac y to flou r i s h. T o d ay, t e chnolo gy h as incr ease d t h e s p eed
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Principle One **
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Principle Two **
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Principle **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Three
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Principle Four **
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Principle **<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12px;">Six
 * <span style="color: #305f13; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">FIGURE 10 ****<span style="color: #3f4d36; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">. ****<span style="color: #305f13; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11.3333px;">2 **
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o f co mmunic ati on betwee n peo ple a nd ope n e d ne w so u r ce s o f information to a l l. Thi s dr § lma t i c c hang e p rese nt s n e w opportuniti es and chall e ng es for e ducating s tud e n t - s to b e ci v il ind iv idu a l s i n th e i r p e r s on a l and civi c li v e s.   C on ta c t th e ju ven il e ju st i ce d e pa rt m e nt of y our s tat e and l e arn ho w th e le ga l sys t e m for yo u t h i s dif f ere n t fro m t h at for a dul ts. Wr i te a l ear nin g c yc l e l ess on th a t te ach es se v er al fu ndament al co ncep ts o f l aw a nd e xa mine s how a nd wh y they are di f fer e nt for yo un g c hil dren t h a n for adu l ts. S ho w sever al st ud ents th e v id eo about t he N ation a l Ar chi v es that i s av a il a bl e at [|http] [|:] [|//vid] [|eoc] [|a] [|st] [|.] [|nih] [|.gov/sl] [|a] [|/NARA/] [|d] [|s] [|h] [|/] [|ind] [|ex.] [|html] [|.] As k st ud e n ts to t e ll yo u w h y it i s imp o r tant to cit i ze n s a n d to the gover n ment t ha t t h e gove rnm e nt m a int a in a f acilit y s uc h a s th e Na t i on a l A rchiv es a nd R ec o rds Admini s tr a ti o n. Id e nti fy t h e most f re ­ q uen t l y a n d l east fr eq u e ntl y g i ven r e pl ies. W hich s tud e n ts m a d e t h e mo st o b v i o u s r e ­ s pon ses? The mo st u niq u e?